Clearly, he was not married at that time, but whether he married afterward is also a matter of speculation. Here is the warning (see footnote for the full quote), It is, unfortunately, impossible to reconcile the description of the Sanhedrin in the rabbinic materials with that found in the NT and Josephus. 1 Corinthians 7:34 "An unmarried woman or virgin is concerned about the Lord's affairs: Her aim is to be devoted to the Lord in both body and spirit." Notice that 7:11 refers to a woman who has been separated from her husband. The ceremony took place in the Israeli town of Tiberias, located on the western shore of the Sea of Galilee. The only other members of the Council named in the New Testament are two Christians. The evidence for Paul being married is fairly scant. What is the significance of the gruesome event in 2 Sam. They were highly respected among the people, operating principally in the synagogues. One has this gift, another has that., The Rev. 1:14), was ever a member of the Sanhedrin. The name presumably arises to distinguish it from the buildings in the Temple complex used for ritual purposes, which could not be constructed of stones hewn by any iron implement. or less. It makes more sense to accept Pauls first-person testimony, in his own letter to the Corinthians, that he was single than it does to assume that he had to be married if he belonged to the Sanhedrin based on requirements that seem only to have been adopted many centuries later. Pharisees. 2:12-16. Flavius Josephus. The qualifications were based on "Moreover you shall select from all the people able men, such as fear God, men of truth, hating covetousness; and place such over them to be rulers of thousands, rulers of hundreds, rulers of fifties, and rulers of tens. About 76 B.C., this changed so that Pharisees and Scribes could have seats on the court. Whats the grammar of "For those whose stories they are"? Maimonides (11351204) proposed a rationalist solution for achieving the goal of re-establishing semikhah and the Sanhedrin. 1977. vol. Another argument thats sometimes made for Paul being married is his question, also found in 1 Corinthians, Dont we have the right to take a believing wife along with us, as do the other apostles and the Lords brothers and Cephas? The argument goes like this: Why would Paul insist that he had the right to bring a believing wife along with him if he didnt even have a wife? If you have a question, please use the link at the top left of this page to reach the comment box. . However it's not terribly compelling evidence. He was married to Anna, they gave birth to 1 child. (thats quite easy Im not that bright :P ) Essentially the Great Assembly was the Great Sanhedrin, the supreme legal and religious authority of the nation. The Mishnah itself dates in its written form to about A.D. 200. An attempt has been made to do just this, however, by alleging that there were two major Sanhedrins in Jerusalem: (1) a political Sanhedrin . :), You do realize my wife would kill me if I up voted that comment ;), Welcome to Christianity.SE! The elders were lay members, the chief There is better suggestion that a member of the Sanhedrin needed to be married (although, again, the sources aren't the most primary),1but we have no reason to believe that Paul, although advanced in Judaism (Gal. And let them judge the people at all times. And the high priest said to Him, I adjure You by the living God, that You tell us whether You are the Christ, the Son of God. Jesus said to him, You have said it yourself; nevertheless I tell you, hereafter you will see THE SON OF MAN SITTING AT THE RIGHT HAND OF POWER, and COMING ON THE CLOUDS OF HEAVEN.Matthew 26:59-64 (NASB). It did not follow the halakhic procedures of the traditional Sanhedrin. To be a member of the Sanhedrin you had to be married and at least 30 years of age. Acts 26:10-11: 6. They violated numerous laws, both Roman and Jewish. I don't know whether this was an absolute rule or whether it would just have been very unusual. Q. Annas and Caiaphas were Sadducees. sanhedrin, also spelled sanhedrim, any of several official Jewish councils in Palestine under Roman rule, to which various political, religious, and judicial functions have been attributed. In the Second Temple period, the Great Sanhedrin met in the Hall of Hewn Stones in the Temple in Jerusalem. As an aorist verb, the tense is de-emphasized in any event. What is important is that being married or ""single-blessedness"" is not a sin. D. A. Hagner. Either way, it is quite clear that he had significant power in the Sanhedrin. 5. It is a collection of teachings about the Torah passed down orally from rabbis who lived in the Second Temple period (through A.D. 70), and it makes no reference to a marriage requirement for Sanhedrin membership. During Jesus' burial, Nicodemus provides about 100 Roman pounds (33 kg) of a mixture of myrrh and aloes. Composed of seventy or seventy-one members, it possessed administrative . History tells us that to join the Sanhedrin a man must be married. Why does the Bible prophecy that Jesus will be aNazarene? Some readers interpret the "unmarried" generically as anyone who happens to be unmarried, regardless of how they got into that situation (e.g., Ciampa and Rosner ). [3] There is debate as to whether Acts 5:21 states that the Sanhedrin Councilwas also called the Senate,gerousia, which means the Council of the Elders., The Council was the supreme political and religious body of Israel. Do roots of these polynomials approach the negative of the Euler-Mascheroni constant? Christian persecution obliged Hillel II to fix the calendar in permanent form in 359 CE. All Rights Reserved. Paul stated that he was not married. One wonders if the great rabbi Gamaliel attended thismockery of a trial. Are the teachers and prophets who laid hands on Saul & Barnabas in Acts13:1-3 ordained Bishops? 4, p. 849. Divine intervention was the common view among Christian historians of the time. He Was a Descendant of King Saul. However, since the Hebrew calendar was based on witnesses' testimony, which had become far too dangerous to collect, rabbi Hillel II recommended change to a mathematically based calendar that was adopted at a clandestine, and maybe final, meeting in 358 CE. Was the Apostle Paul a Widower? How do you ensure that a red herring doesn't violate Chekhov's gun? How can we prove that the supernatural or paranormal doesn't exist? (LogOut/ John 3:1 (NASB), Jesus answered and said to him, Are you the teacher of Israel and do not understand these things? Joseph Henry Thayer, A Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament: Being Grimms Wilkes Clavis Novi Testamenti (New York: Harper & Brothers., 1889), 602. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Are you familiar with Jerry Bassetts teaching on marriage, divorce, and remarriage? 4. Sanhedrin. The Zondervan Pictorial Encyclopedia of the Bible. Why did Jesus tell the women of Jerusalem, "Weep for yourselves, not for me," when he was going to the cross? Some believe Paul was married based on his status as a Pharisee. Why were some books removed from the Bible and is it a sin to read them? (Part 1). The typical Jewish boy would have received his religious training from a Pharisee. This led to persecution of sectarian groups, and attempts by these groups to find fault with the Sanhedrin before the Roman government. On the whole, however, it seems more likely that Paul never married. Others have focused on. So he could have been a Sanhedrin member and single. How did the shepherds know where to find babyJesus? Still, it appears that the ancient families held control over the appointments. 71 members and 23 judges i think. Mishnah. Sanhedrin 1.5. For this reason, even studies which were normally discouraged or forbidden, were permitted to members of the Sanhedrin when these studies were . Did Adam lie before sin entered theworld? Can Martian regolith be easily melted with microwaves? Christianity Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for committed Christians, experts in Christianity and those interested in learning more. The minimum size of a "community" is 10 men,[2] thus 10 vs 10. That is, the more historically reliable information is not found in Jewish literature published after A.D. 200, but in documents published in the first century. David used oil paints on canvas to produce the Oath of the Horatii. They met every day in a building known as the Hall of Hewn Stones, which was built adjacent to the Temple. Thequestion is, What will you do with Jesus? He is the King of kings, Lord of lords and the only Savior of saviors. Sanhedrin 4.3. On the authority of the chief priests I put many of the Lords people in prison, and when they were put to death, I cast my vote against them. We assume that Nicodemus andJoseph of Arimathea did not or were not in attendance. Their functions were political rather than religious, though their influence was not limited to the secular realm. Thank you for visiting my blog Good Question. Was the apostle Paul married or single? The Mishnah tractate Sanhedrin (IV:2) states that the Sanhedrin was to be recruited from the following sources: Priests (Kohanim), Levites (Levi'im), and ordinary Jews who were members of those families having a pure lineage such that their daughters were allowed to marry priests. (I have heard others claim that since he referred to Timothy as his son, that meant he must have been married, but that is clearly not what Paul meant by calling Timothy his son in the Lord.). Why do you think that members of the Sanhedrin had to be married? The original piece . Change). Nicodemus (/ n k d i m s /; Greek: , translit. For one thing, its held that Paul was a member of the Sanhedrin, the Jewish ruling council, and (the argument goes) a man had to be married in order to be on the Sanhedrin. I dont mind if anyone wants to believe Paul was married at one time.as long as they understand there isnt any definitive proof one way or the other. Welcome to Christianity Stack Exchange. (Unless he were to be appointed to the Sanhedrin (Jewish high court in Jerusalem), in which case it would be required that he be marriedand have children since one who gives death sentences must have the additional . The Sanhedrin was considered the supreme court of ancient Israel. If this is true, and it comes from sources that are reliable, we would have to assume he was not a member. Mostly likely the Sanhedrin evolved from the elders after the return from captivity (Ezra 5:5, 9; 6:7). Online [accessed 24/12/10]). Must women have children in order to be redeemed or absolved from reproach? I have always considered the language of I Corinthians 7:1-9 to be saying that Paul never was married (that it was his "gift" that he never had that strong desire), but the passage does allow for him to have been widowed, if that was indeed the case. 24:1]; if it was after his conversion, then the divorce would have been for sexual immortality [Mat. The Mishnah states that the Sanhedrin Council tried cases dealing with a tribe, a false prophet, and a high priest. . It only takes a minute to sign up. (1972) "Sanhedrin". The Zondervan Pictoral Encyclopedia of the Bible provides important perspective about our current knowledge and understanding of the Sanhedrin Council that existed before the destruction of the city of Jerusalem in A.D. 70. [11][17] This institution symbolized the passing of authority from the Patriarchate to the Babylonian Talmudic academies. . I know of no reference that indicates a member of the Sanhedrin had to be married. That said, there is nothing to say that he had necessarily progressed far enough to require a wife. It is obvious that Nicodemus had an uneasy connection with the Hoi Iudaioi. Jeremiah 9:23-24. However, there doesn't seem to be any biblical evidence to this end. Only after the destruction of the Second Temple was the Sanhedrin made up only of sages. 8 Now to the unmarried[a] and the widows I say: It is good for them to stay unmarried, as I do. A look at the Sanhedrin's origins finds its first mention . After him the next chief priest was Ananias (Acts 23:2). That is, the Sanhedrin Council of seventy-one judges sitting ina half-circle with clerks and sages before them. How to handle a hobby that makes income in US, Bulk update symbol size units from mm to map units in rule-based symbology, Is there a solution to add special characters from software and how to do it. Thank you! priests were the Sadducees and the teachers of the law were the 1. In this period the Sanhedrin was sometimes referred as the Galilean Patriarchate or Patriarchate of Palaestina, being the governing legal body of Galilean Jewry. [10] Thereafter, Jews were gradually excluded from holding public office.[12]. Just as he recognized marriage to be a gift from God, he also saw singleness as a gift. His Understanding the Books of the Bible study guide series is keyed to this format. Both Luke 22:66 and the comparison of Acts 22:5 with Acts 23:1-7 reveals the Sanhedrin Council was also called the council of the elders (note Acts 23:1-7 follows the events described in Acts 22). Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. Thus these are no reasons to think that Paul was married prior to writing 1 Corinthians. [18], In 2004, excavations in Tiberias conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority uncovered a structure dating to the 3rd century CE that may have been the seat of the Sanhedrin when it convened in that city. "Do we have no right to take along a believing wife, as do also the other apostles, the brothers of the Lord, and Cephas?" Supposedly, when a vacancy appeared on the court, three people could propose a replacement, so long as one of the three was a current member of the court. While this ingenious and attractive theory has been accepted by a number of Jewish scholars (e.g. [3], The Hasmonean court in Judea, presided over by Alexander Jannaeus, until 76 BC, followed by his wife, Queen Salome Alexandra, was called Synhedrion or Sanhedrin. While this ingenious and attractive theory has been accepted by a number of Jewish scholars . With the exception of the Sabbath and festivals, these sessions were held every day, from the termination of the daily morning . How was Jesus from the line of King David if his real father was not Joseph? Answer: You need to remember that the Sanhedrin was the creation of the Jews. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Religious leaders were scattered and scarce. He was active in parish and student ministry for twenty-five years. In Jesus' day, the Sanhedrin did not have the authority to carry out the death sentence. Receive notification whenever items are posted to this site: You can change your delivery preferences in your subscription dashboard. Before the Sanhedrin, Then to Pilate. There is agreement that the Sanhedrin Council of Jerusalem was the highest Jewish authority in Israel before A.D. 70. This was the site of the council's last meeting in the year 425 AD. "[citation needed] David Friedlnder and his friends in Berlin described it as a spectacle that Napoleon offered to the Parisians. The Sanhedrin judgment hall became a scene of the most violent contention. Christianity Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for committed Christians, experts in Christianity and those interested in learning more. Among them were many prophets, including Chaggai, Zechariah, Malachi, Daniel, Chananiah, Mishael, Azariah, Ezra, Nechemiah, Mordechai, and Zerubavel. Does anyone know a good website 88b). Is it suspicious or odd to stand by the gate of a GA airport watching the planes? Dr. Christopher R. Smith, shares his reflections about the Scriptures and answers questions from users of the guides and from others who want to find out more about the Bible. He came to die for our sins. What was the Sanhedrin Council? According to Acts 7:58, Stephen was taken outside the city, as commanded by Deuteronomy 17:2-7. According to an interpretation in Sifre, Num. 14, p. 836, "Julian the Apostate and the Holy Temple", "Researchers say Tiberias basilica may have housed Sanhedrin", The Persian conquest of Jerusalem in 614 compared with Islamic conquest of 638, Secular and religious history of the Jewish Sanhedrin, English web site of the re-established Jewish Sanhedrin in Israel, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanhedrin&oldid=1142839498, 1st-century BC establishments in the Hasmonean Kingdom, 420s disestablishments in the Roman Empire, Governing assemblies of religious organizations, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010, Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011, Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. If you are not a Christian, we urge you to start. He has a B.A. Both passages reveal thatNicodemus was a political ruler of Israel and a religious teacher. It is possible that he, as a high priest emeritus, might have served at the side of Caiaphas in the Sanhedrin called to resolve the fate of Jesus. He died on July 27, 1982 in Abbey Of Glais, Glastonbury, Wales, Uk. One of the traditions, especially if he was a member of the Sanhedrin (which he never outright claimed), is that eventually he would be married. Thus both religious and political power tend to focus on him.[4]. Finally, a court should not have an even number of judges to prevent deadlocks; thus 23 (12 vs. 10 and 1). Why do you think that members of the Sanhedrin had to be married? In regard to the Sanhedrin of 70 Elders to help Moses, years before in Egypt these men had been Hebrew officials under Egyptian taskmasters; they were beaten by the Egyptians when they refused to beat fellow Jews in order to finish building projects. A proselyte could be a member, only if he married an Israelite woman. The first official records of the Iu Mien people are found from the Tang Dynasty (619-906 C.E.) Therefore, "if" Paul was a member of the Sanhedrin at the time of Stephen's stoning, he almost certainly would not have taken part in it. As historical sources the reliability of the NT and Josephus far exceeds that of the rabbinic writings, which often reflect the state of affairs after, rather than before, the destruction of Jerusalem in A.D. The Talmud tractate Sanhedrin identifies two classes of rabbinical courts called Sanhedrin, a Great Sanhedrin ( ) and a Lesser Sanhedrin ( ). A proselyte could be a member, only if he married an Israelite woman. . Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. At the time it was called Beit Hava'ad. The rabbis did not take it lying down. What is the divine council or assembly of the gods described in theBible? It was a major requirement that all members of the Sanhedrin be married. He identifies himself as unmarried in 1 Corinthians 7:8: "To the unmarried and the widows I say that it is good for them to remain single, as I am." If you wish to cancel your subscription, you can click on the unsubscribe link at the bottom of every email or visit your subscription dashboard and unsubscribe from there, Write to minister@lavistachurchofchrist.org, Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pocket (Opens in new window), Click to share on Telegram (Opens in new window), Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window). The main argument I have heard is that Paul was a Pharisee, and being married was a requirement for being a Pharisee. However, he recognizes that whether to stay single or get married is a matter of following Gods calling: E, On the authority of the chief priests I put many of the Lords people in prison, and when they were put to death, I. Shouldnt the Bible be easy tounderstand? 19:9]). The author also points out that a "Hebrew of Hebrews" (Philippians 3:5). Thus the Sanhedrin in Yavneh was comprised almost exclusively of pharisaic scholars. Paul stated that he was not married. . "And I advanced in Judaism beyond many of my contemporaries in my own nation, being more exceedingly zealous for the traditions of my fathers" (Galatians 1:14). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. There was a great battle at Philippi (in modern-day Turkey, near Greece). Do Jews still have a Sanhedrin? Levine:[16], Up to the middle of the fourth century, the Patriarchate retained the prerogative of determining the Hebrew calendar and guarded the intricacies of the needed calculations, in an effort to constrain interference by the Babylonian community. There have been several attempts to implement Maimonides' recommendations by Rabbi Jacob Berab in 1538, Rabbi Yisroel Shklover in 1830, Rabbi Aharon Mendel haCohen in 1901, Rabbi Zvi Kovsker in 1940, Rabbi Yehuda Leib Maimon in 1949, and a group of Israeli rabbis in 2004. It only takes a minute to sign up. Ibid. - Nigel J Mar 22, 2021 at 23:04 Pretty sure he is commissioned by them, and sides with the 'Pharisees' against the Sadducees, but is most likely never a member of the Sanhedrin. 12.3.3; 14.5.4; 14.9.3; 20.9.1. [5] It states the Sanhedrin Council had seventy-one members and that it was not clear why the Council had seventy-one members since Numbers 11:16 said, Gather to me seventy men of the elders of the Israel.[6] There were other lower councils which were composed of twenty-three members.[7]. Subscribe to the CompellingTruth.org Newsletter: The Bible never specifically tells us whether Paul was ever married. Why was Moses not allowed to enter the Promised Land? But later on two came forward, and said, This man stated, I am able to destroy the temple of God and to rebuild it in three days. The high priest stood up and said to Him, Do You not answer? If (and it is a big, speculatory if)Paul was married prior to writing 1Corinthians, then it is possible that his (hypothetical) marriage ended with a divorce (if it was a divorce before his conversion in Acts 9 then, under the Law, he could have divorced his wife [Deut. Eventually, Jesus stated that He was and is theSon of Man and then announced His second coming. 1 Corinthians 7:1-7 has Paul declaring that he has the gift of celibacy. Antony and Octavian won, causing the deaths of Brutus and Cassius in the process. The preference for priest was based on, "And you shall come to the priests, the Levites, and to the judge there in those days, and inquire of them; they shall pronounce upon you the sentence of judgment" (Deuteronomy 17:9). During the New Testament period, these men met in the Jewish temple every day except for the Sabbath and holy days. On the dashboard, you can adjust how often you are notified of changes to La Vista's website. There were qualifications, but how well they were followed is not known. While the action of Napoleon aroused in many Jews of Germany the hope that, influenced by it, their governments also would grant them the rights of citizenship, others looked upon it as a political contrivance. Roman legislation severely reduced the scope of its authority, but confirmed the body's ultimate authority in religious matters. The Great Sanhedrin was finally disbanded in 425 CE after continued persecution by the Eastern Roman Empire. He would return as Conqueror and King. They say that because he mentioned widows, and then stated "even as I". There are two official versions of the Oath of the Horatii. (Acts 23:6) - ninthamigo Mar 23, 2021 at 4:26 Welcome to Christianity Stack Exchange. William Barclay writes in his commentary on the Corinthian letters, for example, It was a requirement that members of the Sanhedrin must be married men, because it was held that married men were more merciful.. The second highest-ranking member of the Sanhedrin was called the Av Beit Din, or 'Head of the Court' (literally, Av Beit Din means 'father of the house of judgment'), who presided over the Sanhedrin when it sat as a criminal court.[14]. . . 3. We cant be sure that it was in effect during his lifetime. 4. Perhaps you were brought here by a search engine or by a link to one of the posts. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? This reveals the Council was apolitical and religious body. 7. The court convened every day except festivals and the sabbath day (Shabbat). This marked the last universal decision made by the Great Sanhedrin. What NT evidence is there for the idea that the apostle Paul's introductions to his letters were to authenticate his position as an apostle? Incredibly, Stephen did not hold back on delivering the unvarnished truth - even though he knew his life was on the line. The Great Sanhedrin Council chambers are described in the Mishnah as follows: The sanhedrin was [arranged] in the shape of a half of a round threshing floor [that is, as an amphitheater], so that the judges could see one another. The former Council of Elders was renamed Synhedrion or Sanhedrin. The uneven numbers of judges were predicated on eliminating the possibility of a tie, and the last to cast his vote was the head of the court. in Encyclopaedia Judaica. I believe Saul was probably a member of the Sanhedrin which means he was probably married and had children which was . The Sanhedrin was headed by the chief scholars of the great Talmudic Academies in the Land of Israel, and with the decline of the Sanhedrin, their spiritual and legal authority was generally accepted, the institution itself being supported by voluntary contributions by Jews throughout the ancient world. In an attempt to quash revolutionary elements, Rome in effect declared one form of Judaism to be the only recognized form of religion. This question and two more questions will be answered in order to provide a biblical perspective of how the Council functioned in the time of Jesus Christ. Why do you think that Saul of Tarsus was part of the Sanhedrin? Thus, we have Paul implying that he was a voting member of the Sanhedrin who condemned the early believers in Jesus. The word Sanhedrin is a transliteration of the Greek word synedrion which means "council, meeting or assembly." Scholars think these men were freed slaves from various parts of the Roman empire. Pretty sure he is commissioned by them, and sides with the 'Pharisees' against the Sadducees, but is most likely never a member of the Sanhedrin. (1 Corinthians 7:8 KJV). Also, with married people, it is a sin to have extra-marital sex. [11] The Patriarchate attained its zenith under Judah ha-Nasi, who compiled the Mishnah.[11]. The idea that Paul was married is pretty common at the pastor-level but also is held by a number of scholars, though most would agree it cannot be proven from scripture and is only a theory. Copyright 2011-2023 Got Questions Ministries - All Rights Reserved. iv. He Was the Leader of the Jews During Purim. How can believers in Jesus do even greater things than hedid? Is there any evidence that Paul was a descendant of Jonathan? They understood that if the Sadducees prevailed there would be no Jewish people. . Did Ruth seduce Boaz to get him to marry her? Is it correct to use "the" before "materials used in making buildings are"? The statement that Sanhedrin members should be married men, because they are more merciful, comes from the Gemara, the commentary on the Mishnah that makes up the second half of the Talmud. . Are there tables of wastage rates for different fruit and veg? A.D., he was the principal agent for the people in dealing with Rome. Assemblies of twenty-three or seventy-one Jewish elders, The trial of Jesus, and early Christianity, Mantel, Hugo. They regarded the head of the Sanhedrin as their own paid government official with the status of Prefect. Introduction. On October 13, 2004, the Sanhedrin Council of the Jewish nation was reconstituted for the first time in 1,600 years. But I have not made use of any of the rights of an apostle., So I feel that we can conclude quite confidently that Paul was not married. It was the supreme legal, legislative, and judicial body for Jews living everywhere. Capital punishment was prescribed for any Rabbi who received ordination, as well as complete destruction of the town where the ordination occurred.[9]. Were members of the Sanhedrin required to be married. will be liable to judgment, and whoever says to his brother, Raqa, will be answerable to the Sanhedrin, and whoever says, 'You fool,' will be liable to fiery Gehenna." (Mt 5:21-22) If you . However, in all my studies, I am still waiting to find a definitive answer to the marriage requirement anywhere other than someones opinion. And two judges clerks stand before them . 5, p. 269. state records member login,
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